Thursday, May 31, 2007

bromo tengger - east java

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Parks is a technical field authority unit under Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation -Department of Forestry declared by Decision Letter of Ministry of Forestry number 1049/Kpts-II/1992, dated November 12, 1992.
Before declared as a national Park, mountainous highland of Bromo Tengger Semeru is a forest area with many function like Strict Nature Reserve, Recreation Forest, Protection Forest and Production Forest.
Declaration of Bromo Tengger Semeru area as a National Park is bassed on some considerations, i.e : rare and endemic flora, habitat of migrant wildlife, unique ecosystem, active volcano, scenery of nature, cultural and traditional lives of local people, as a catchment area for waterresources around the area, etc.


II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park covers 50,273.30 hectares of mountainous highland and vertile valley, between 1,000 - 3,676 M above sea level. Beside the area is dominated by mountainous, there are also 4 lakes inside, namely : Ranu Pani (4 Ha), Ranu Regulo (0,75 Ha), Ranu Kumbolo (14 Ha), and Ranu Darungan (0,50 Ha). Geografically the area lies between 7°54’ - 8°13’ South Latitude and 112°51’ - 113°4’ East Longitude on the globe. Administratively is situated in four regencies, i.e : Probolinggo, Pasuruan, Malang and Lumajang - East Java Province.
According to Schmidt and Ferguson there are four climate types, i.e : A, B, C, and D. The monsoon showers fall from late October through the end of April when the dry season commences. The temperature ranges from 3 degrees to 20 degrees average with frequent intense heat waves that cause bush - fire in the June - August period and stifling humidity of 80 % can be felt during the wet season. The activities of Bromo Tengger Semeru sometimes have great effects in the freak weather. Winds with the velocity of up to 60 km can become intolerably cold.
III. FLORA AND FAUNA
FLORA
The vegetation of the park area consists of four main vegetation types : Highland Forest, Alvin Forest, Casuarina Forest and Grassland.
It is predicted about 600 species of flora in the park. The common species are : Casuarina junghuhniana, Vaccinium varingaefolium, Albitzia lomphata, Acasia decurens, Anaphalis javanica, Anethum graviolens. At southernpart of Mt. Semeru there are about 157 species of orchids. There are also endemic species in the park like : Melastoma zollingerii, Begonia laciniata, Carpesium cermum, Epilobium cinereum, Genarium homeanum, Rumex brownii, Stellaria vestiva, Tylophora adnata, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Styphelia pungeus.
FAUNA
Little information of wildlife in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is recorded. There are only about 16 species of mammals and 70 species of birds. The mammals are : wild pig (Sus scrofa), timor deer (Cervus timorensis), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), panther (Panthera pardus), silver leaf monkey (Presbytis cristata), common porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) etc.The common birds are Hornbill (Rhycticeros undulatus), banded pitta (Pitta guajana), crested spent eagle (Spilornis cheela), and Australian grey duck (Anas superciliosa) at Ranu Pani and Ranu Kumbolo.
IV. LEGEND
When the Majapahit Kingdom was at decline, the Hindu-Budhist sect moved east ward and reached the vicinity of the volcanoes. The consort of King Brawijaya gave birth to dougther, Roro Anteng, who was later married to Joko Seger of a Brahmin caste. When they became rightful rulers, they gave themselves the title"PURBAWASESO MANGKURAT ING TENGGER".The word TENGGER deriving from the coining of the last syllable of their name this TENG-GER, from the word ' Tenggering Budi Luhur" which symbolises High Morality and Piece. The Tenggeresse people until now live in the area around mountainous of Tengger i.e : Ngadisari, Wonokitri, Ngadas, Argosari, ranu Pani, Ledok Ombo and Wonokerso.
V. TOURIST ATTRACTION
A. CEMOROLAWANG
The area is one of the entrance gate to the park from Probolinggo. Some activities can be done here and it's surrounding i.e : camping, shopping and enjoying the nature scenery of Mt. Bromo and sea of sand, farmland, wild foliage and sturdy trunks plunge to wards the gleamy sand, etc.
B. THE SEA OF SAND AND Mt. BROMO
The sea of sand area was declared as a strict Nature Reserve in 1919 for the purpose of protecting the extraordinary Sea of Sand which forms the floor of caldera with diameter 8-10 km. There are several mountains inside the caldera, namely : Mt. Bromo (2,392 m a.s.l), Mt. Batok (2,470 m a.s.l), Mt. Kursi (2,581 m a.s.l), Mt. Watangan (2,6610 m a.s.l), and Mt. Widodaren (2,650 m a.s.l).
Walking on the Sea of Sand. stepping up on the 249 steps to the rim, enjoying the unique crater in a crater,watching the dawn at Bromo are the main attractionsin the area.
C. PEAK OF Mt. PENANJAKAN
From the peak of Mt. Penanjakan (2,770 m a.s.l) you will get a very good view to the area of Sea of Sand with the mount Bromo, Batok and Semeru in the background.From the look out point at Mt. Penanjakan you can enjoy the sunrise between 4.30 a.m - 5.30 a.m while sunset is 4.30 p.m - 5.30 p.m. To watch the dawn of the day at Mt. Penanjakan you have to be ready on the spot at about 4.00 a.m.
D. RANU PANI, RANU REGULO, RANU KUMBOLO AND PEAK OF Mt. SEMERU
Ranu pani and Ranu Regulo are two beautiful crater lakes on the upland of about 3 km beyond the southern rim of caldera. Ranu Pani/Ranu Regulo mostly passed by climbers who want to climb the Mt. Semeru. Ranu Pani about 1 Ha and Ranu Regulo about 0.75 Ha, are located nearby.
Ranu Kumbolo with about 14 Ha is located between Ranu Pani and Mt. Semeru. Walking a long the slopes of the lake Kumbolo, getting yours shoes stuck in the soft mud, smelling the fragance of pines and patches of miniature flowers, this is the idyllic solitude of the Kumbolo lake (Ranu Kumbolo).
For travelling to peak of Mt. Semeru from Ranu Pani, hikers have to take a rest at Kalimati or Arcopodo and then continue the travelling early in the morning (03.00 a.m).
On the peak of Mt. Semeru/Mahameru, hikers are adviced to avoid to visit the crater of Jonggring Saloko and southern part of the area due to the toxic gasses and lava path.
E. RANU DARUNGAN
Ranu Darungan is another small crater thet located in southern flanks of Mt. Semeru with area about 0.5 Ha. The lake is surrounded by tropical rain forest with many speciesof orchids. Some activities can be done here i.e : camping, fishing, education and research.
VI. ACCESSIBILITY AND TRANSPORTATION
Bromo Tengger Semeru national Park can be reached through the capital city or Regency as follows :
A. MALANG
Malang is the city where the office of Bromo Tengger semeru National Park located. From Malang to the park visitors can travel through the route as follows :
No.
Route
Distance (Km)
Travel Time
Vehicle
On Foot
MALANG-G. SEMERU
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.
Malang - TumpangTumpang - GubugklakahGubugklakah - Ranu PaniRanu Pani - Watu RejengWatu Rejeng - R. KumboloR. Kumbolo - KalimatiKalimati - ArcopodoArcopodo - P. Semeru
18121754,54,911,5
30 Minutes45 Minutes2 Minutes-----
--4 Hours1,5 Hours1,5 Hours2 Hours1 Hours3 Hours
MALANG - G. BROMO
1.2.3.4.
Malang - TumpangTumpang - GubugklakahGubugklakah - Jemplang Jemplang - G. Bromo
1812176
30 Minutes45 Minutes90 Minutes30 Minutes
--3 Hours1,5 Hours
MALANG - PENANJAKAN
1.2.3.4.5.
Malang - PurwodadiPurwodadi - NongkojajarNongkojajar - Tosari Tosari - WonokitriWonokitri - Penanjakan
321420314
30 Minutes30 Minutes45 Minutes10 Minutes30 Minutes
-----
B. PASURUAN
Route from Pasuruan are as follows :

The Biggest Temple

Borobudur...

is a ninth century Buddhist Mahayana monument in Central Java, Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome is located at the center of the top platform, surrounded by seventy-two Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa.


The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist cosmology, namely, Kamadhatu (the world of desire); Rupadhatu (the world of forms); and Arupadhatu (the world of formless). During the journey, the monument guides the pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the wall and the balustrades.


Evidence suggests Borobudur was abandoned following the fourteenth century decline of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam. It was rediscovered in 1814 by Sir Thomas Raffles, the British ruler of Java. Since then, Borobudur has been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, after which the monumen was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage, where once a year Buddhist in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction

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